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INDUSTRIES
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INTRODUCTION
AHMADNAGAR IS NOT AN INDUSTRIALISED DISTRICT IN THE STRICT SENSE OF THE TERM. Being traditionally a famine-stricken district, agricultural resources could not provide the necessary encouragement for industrialisation. Under-development in agriculture in the past was probably the principal reason for lack of industrial growth. The district is also not endowed with minerals, forest resources or adequate water-supply which are essential for resource-based industries. The necessary infra-structure for industrialisation is hardly available in the district.
The growth of sugarcane cultivation which was made possible only after the availability of irrigation facilities in the northern talukas of the district however encouraged the growth of sugar and gul manufacturing industries in the district. The growth of the sugar and gul industries has brought about conditions of prosperity to a section of the population in Kopargaon, Rahuri, Shrirampur, Sangamner and Ahmadnagar talukas. At present (in 1974-75) there are 13 sugar factories and refineries which provide employment to a large number of persons. The other industries in the district are ginning and pressing, cotton spinning and weaving, oil extraction and engineering works. Most of these industries are confined to northern region of the district alongwith the Manmad-Daund railway line.
Industries in the past were in the nature of crafts and village industries which were mainly of local consequence. Many of those crafts and village industries have survived the vagaries of time, while quite a few have declined due to the competition of manufacturing industries. For example, the weaving industry has survived, but it is in a very dwindling position inspite of patronage and help from Government. The old industries which have survived over the period of about nine decades from the publication of the old Gazetteer include hand-loom weaving, wool weaving, utensil-making, pottery, brick-making, carpentry, tanning, leather working, basket-making, oil pressing, bangle-making, etc. These industries provide employment to a section of artisans who make a living out of them. They have also formed co-operative societies for obtaining institutional help as regards availability of finance and marketing of produce.
However, it is quite obvious that inspite of institutional help and Government patronage most of these industries are not economically viable.
During the course of this century a number of mechanised factories have however been established in the district. A particular mention can be made of sugar factories, gul manufactories, ginning presses, spinning and weaving mills, oil-mills, distilleries and engineering works which provide employment to a good number of workers. Most of these industries are agricultural resource-based industries. Gul manufactories form the largest proportion of the number of factories.
The fertile tracts and irrigation facilities available from the Pravara and the Godavari canals have facilitated setting up of a number of sugar factories, cotton ginning and pressing units, oil-mills, engineering units and gul-making units in the northern talukas of the district. The organised industries in the district are concentrated largely in Ahmadnagar, Kopargaon and Shrirampur towns. The towns of Kopargaon and Shrirampur are well-known centres of sugar industry while in Ahmadnagar town are located industries, such as cotton ginning and pressing, oil pressing, bidi-making, general engineering and a few power-looms. Among the large-scale units might be included thirteen sugar factories, a pharmaceutical unit and a Government distillery. The other units include cotton ginning and pressing, manufacturing of industrial alcohol, bricks, cast iron and brass foundry. Excluding these few large and medium scale industries, the general pattern of non-agricultural employment in the district leans heavily towards village and cottage industries.
As per the Census of 1961, 72,662 workers were engaged in manufacturing industries, of whom 37,198 or 51.19 per cent were engaged in house-hold industries, and 35,464 or 48.81 per cent in non-household industries. The total number of workers in the registered factories in 1961 was 18,140 which was 24.96 per cent of all workers engaged in manufacturing industries.
The statistics of factories in Ahmadnagar district for some years are given below: —
|
Year |
Number of factories |
Average number of workers |
1952 |
450 |
15,000 |
1956 |
509 |
13,411 |
1957 |
453 |
13,983 |
1958 |
460 |
25,265 |
1959 |
377 |
24,455 |
1970 |
329 |
16,922 |
TABLE No. 1—STATISTICS RELATING TO ANNUAL SURVEY OF INDUSTRIES, 1966
|
Serial No. |
Industry |
Number of registered factories |
Productive capital (Rs. '000') |
Employment (Number) |
Gross output (Rs. '000') |
Value added on manufacture (Rs. '000') |
|
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(7) |
|
1 |
Manufacture of bakery products. |
1 |
1,72,380 |
7,183 |
2,60,279 |
48,733 |
|
2 |
Sugar factories and refineries. |
53 |
|
3 |
Manufacture of miscellaneous food preparations. |
10 |
457 |
81 |
3,378 |
211 |
|
4 |
Distilling, rectifying and blending of spirits. |
3 |
8,621 |
64 |
2,351 |
(―) 216 |
|
5 |
Tobacco manufactures. |
1 |
|
6 |
Manufacture of textiles not elsewhere classified. |
41 |
3,026 |
649 |
5,999 |
790 |
|
7 |
Printing, publishing and allied industries. |
6 |
899 |
211 |
1,680 |
642 |
|
8 |
Basic industrial chemicals including fertilisers. |
1 |
9,042 |
516 |
5,367 |
1,478 |
|
9 |
Manufacture of miscellaneous chemical products. |
1 |
|
10 |
Manufacture of structural clay products. |
3 |
|
11 |
Manufacture of non-metallic mineral products not elsewhere classified. |
6 |
752 |
166 |
1,255 |
440 |
|
12 |
Iron and steel basic industries. |
1 |
8,172 |
1,099 |
15,491 |
4,462 |
|
13 |
Manufacture of metal products (except machinery and transport equipment) |
1 |
|
14 |
Manufacture of machinery except electrical machinery. |
9 |
|
15 |
Repair of motor vehicles |
6 |
1,878 |
377 |
3,787 |
1,000 |
|
16 |
Manufacturing industries not elsewhere classified. |
2 |
4,184 |
209 |
3,578 |
1,086 |
|
17 |
Electric light and power (generation, transmission and distribution of electricity). |
4 |
|
District total |
149 |
2,09,411 |
10,555 |
3,03,155 |
58,626 |
Notes.—(1) Figures of number of registered factories (column 4) are based on the data collected by the Chief Inspector of Factories, Maharashtra. (2) Figures in columns 5 to 8 are the pooled estimates of the Census and Sample parts. Source.—Quarterly Bulletin (Vol. XIV No. 1 of 1973) published by Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Maharashtra, Bombay.
TABLE No. 2—FACTORY STATISTICS PERTAINING TO AHMADNAGAR DISTRICT IN 1961 AND
1971
|
Industry Group |
Number of working factories |
Number of working factories submitting returns |
Average
daily employment in factories submitting returns |
|
1961 |
1971 |
1961 |
1971 |
Total |
Males |
Females |
|
1961 |
1971 |
1961 |
1971 |
1961 |
1971 |
|
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(7) |
(8) |
(9) |
(10) |
(11) |
|
1. Gin and Presses |
30 |
16 |
23 |
13 |
1,065 |
636 |
637 |
322 |
428 |
314 |
|
2. Manufacture of bakery products.. |
2 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
15 |
16 |
15 |
16 |
-- |
-- |
|
3. Sugar factories and refineries— |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(a) Sugar |
11 |
15 |
10 |
14 |
5,828 |
6,415 |
5,828 |
6398 |
-- |
17 |
|
(b) Gur |
45 |
16 |
317 |
317 |
52 |
|
4. Manufacture of miscellaneous food preparations. |
5 |
5 |
3 |
4 |
22 |
26 |
21 |
23 |
1 |
3 |
|
5. Distilling, rectifying and blending of spirits. |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
224 |
326 |
224 |
326 |
306 |
-- |
|
6. Tobacco manufacture |
104 |
138 |
54 |
116 |
3,606 |
9,054 |
1,602 |
3,769 |
2,004 |
6,285 |
|
7. Spinning, weaving and finishing of textiles. |
3 |
3 |
1 |
2 |
26 |
314 |
20 |
249 |
6 |
65 |
|
8. Printing, book-binding etc. |
5 |
6 |
5 |
5 |
131 |
163 |
131 |
163 |
-- |
-- |
|
9. Manufacture of leather products except foot-wear and other wearing apparel. |
1 |
1 |
-- |
1 |
-- |
27 |
-- |
13 |
-- |
14 |
|
10. Basic chemicals including fertilizers. |
1 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
-- |
73 |
-- |
69 |
-- |
4 |
11. Manufacture of miscellaneous chemical products. |
2 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
202 |
174 |
157 |
171 |
45 |
3 |
|
12. Petroleum refineries (kerosene) |
1 |
1 |
5 |
5 |
-- |
|
13. Manufacture of structural clay products. |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
69 |
22 |
42 |
22 |
27 |
-- |
|
14. Manufacture of non-metallic, mineral products not elsewhere classified— |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(a) Stone dressing and crushing |
5 |
13 |
2 |
11 |
5 |
308 |
24 |
224 |
32 |
84 |
|
(b) Others |
2 |
2 |
31 |
31 |
-- |
|
15. Basic metal
industries (ferrous) |
1 |
3 |
1 |
3 |
12 |
37 |
12 |
37 |
-- |
-- |
|
16. Manufacture of metal products |
-- |
1 |
-- |
1 |
-- |
70 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
|
17. Manufacture of machinery (except electrical machinery)— |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(a) Textile machinery |
1 |
8 |
1 |
8 |
172 |
501 |
172 |
501 |
-- |
-- |
|
(b) General and job engineering. |
7 |
7 |
190 |
190 |
-- |
|
18. Repairs of motor vehicles and motor cycles. |
4 |
8 |
4 |
8 |
141 |
553 |
141 |
553 |
-- |
-- |
|
19. Manufacture of musical instruments. |
1 |
5 |
1 |
4 |
16 |
157 |
16 |
35 |
-- |
-- |
|
20. Manufacture of industries not elsewhere classified. |
|
|
|
|
-- |
122 |
|
(a) Wrapping, packing, filling of articles. |
1 |
|
|
(b) Others |
1 |
1 |
85 |
3 |
82 |
continued..
|
Total number of man-days worked |
Number of working factories not submitting returns |
Number of workers in factories not submitting returns |
|
1961 |
1971 |
1961 |
1971 |
1961 |
1971 |
|
(12) |
(13) |
(14) |
(15) |
(16) |
(17) |
|
1,19,055 |
62,569 |
7 |
3 |
269 |
101 |
|
3,375 |
4,000 |
1 |
-- |
10 |
-- |
|
18,48,733 |
18,30,399 |
1 |
1 |
450 |
464 |
|
18,965 |
29 |
311 |
|
5,625 |
7,374 |
2 |
1 |
20 |
29 |
|
43,514 |
1,12,906 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
|
10,83,760 |
27,90,367 |
47 |
22 |
4,636 |
2,275 |
|
7,800 |
1,13,220 |
2 |
1 |
25 |
20 |
|
39,764 |
49,367 |
-- |
1 |
-- |
19 |
-- |
6,480 |
1 |
-- |
15 |
-- |
|
4,496 |
20,385 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
|
61,610 |
52,722 |
1 |
-- |
12 |
-- |
|
1,475 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
--
| -- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
|
10,626 |
6,991 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
|
10,230 |
84,565 |
3 |
2 |
66 |
81 |
|
9,284 |
-- |
-- |
|
3,636 |
11,181 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
3,010 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
|
52,236 |
1,53,532 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
|
51,423 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
|
48,045 |
1,87,120 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
|
4,876 |
-- | -- |
1 |
-- |
29 |
| |
46,009 |
|
80 |
|
20,655. |
1 |
TABLE No. 3—DISTRIBUTION OF MANUFACTURING, PROCESSING OR
SERVICING ESTABLISHMENTS OTHER THAN HOUSEHOLD INDUSTRIES CLASSIFIED BY REGISTERED FACTORIES, UNREGISTERED WORKSHOPS AND SIZE OF EMPLOYMENT, AHMADNAGAR DISTRICT, 1971
|
Category |
Registered factories
|
|
Total |
10-19 persons |
20-49 persons |
|
Units |
Persons employed |
Units |
Persons employed |
Units |
Persons employed |
Manufacture of Food Products |
58 |
8,563 |
34 |
404 |
14 |
350 |
Manufacture of Beverages, Tobacco and Tobacco Products. |
144 |
11,693 |
2 |
25 |
32 |
1,149 |
Manufacture of Cotton Textiles |
55 |
1,844 |
21 |
260 |
27 |
800 |
Manufacture of Wool, Silk and Synthetic Fibre Textiles. |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Manufacture of Jute, Hemp and Mesto Textiles. |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Manufacture of Textile Products (including Wearing Apparel). |
5 |
244 |
-- |
-- |
3 |
71 |
Manufacture of Wood and Wood Products, Furniture and Fixtures. |
4 |
46 |
4 |
46 |
-- |
-- |
Manufacture of Paper and Paper Products and Printing, Publishing and Allied Industries. |
8 |
207 |
3 |
35 |
4 |
107 |
Manufacture of Leather, Leather and Fur Products (except Repair). |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Manufacture of Rubber, Plastic, Petroleum and Coal Products. |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Manufacture of Chemicals and Chemical Products (except Petroleum and Coal). |
4 |
469 |
1 |
11 |
-- |
-- |
Manufacture of Non-metallic Mineral Products. |
17 |
456 |
6 |
72 |
10 |
324 |
Basic Metal and Alloys Industries |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Manufacture of Metal Products and Parts (except Machinery and Transport Equipments). |
13 |
604 |
9 |
106 |
1 |
40 |
Manufacture of Machinery, Machine Tools (except Electrical Machinery). |
6 |
658 |
1 |
14 |
1 |
20 |
Manufacture of Electrical Machinery, Appliances and Supplies and Parts. |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Manufacture of Transport Equipment and Parts. |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Other Manufacturing Industries |
3 |
2,050 |
-- |
-- |
2 |
50 |
Repair |
19 |
780 |
4 |
52 |
10 |
275 |
continued..
|
Registered factories |
|
50-99 persons |
100-299 persons |
300-499 persons |
|
Units |
Persons employed |
Units |
Persons employed |
Units |
Persons employed |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
2 |
852 |
|
74 |
5,308 |
36 |
5,211 |
-- |
-- |
|
4 |
277 |
3 |
507 |
-- |
-- |
-- | -- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
|
1 |
60 |
1 |
113 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
|
1 |
65 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
|
1 |
58 |
2 |
400 |
-- |
-- |
|
1 |
60 |
-- | -- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
1 |
310 |
|
2 |
148 |
-- |
-- |
1 |
320 |
|
2 |
119 |
1 |
185 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- | -- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
|
3 |
243 |
2 |
210 |
-- |
-- |
TABLE No. 3—contd.
|
Category |
Registered factories |
Unregistered factories
|
|
500 persons |
Total |
|
Units |
Persons employed |
Units |
Persons employed |
Manufacture of Food Products |
8 |
6,957 |
1,657 |
2,773 |
Manufacture of Beverages, Tobacco and Tobacco Products. |
-- |
-- |
67 |
294 |
Manufacture of Cotton Textiles |
-- |
-- |
364 |
1,659 |
Manufacture of Wool, Silk and Synthetic Fibre Textiles. |
-- |
-- |
3 |
18 |
Manufacture of Jute, Hemp and Mesto Textiles. |
-- |
-- |
6 |
22 |
Manufacture of Textile Products (including Wearing Apparel). |
-- |
-- |
432 |
785 |
Manufacture of Wood and Wood Products, Furniture and Fixtures. |
-- |
-- |
151 |
509 |
Manufacture of Paper and Paper Products and Printing, Publishing and Allied Industries. |
-- |
-- |
103 |
392 |
Manufacture of Leather, Leather and Fur Products (except Repair). |
-- |
-- |
67 |
191 |
Manufacture of Rubber, Plastic, Petroleum and Coal Products. |
-- |
-- |
2 |
8 |
Manufacture of Chemicals and Chemical Products (except Petroleum and Coal). |
-- |
-- |
28 |
125 |
Manufacture of Non-metallic Mineral Products. |
-- |
-- |
31 |
142 |
Basic Metal and Alloys Industries |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Manufacture of Metal Products and Parts (except Machinery and Transport Equipments). |
-- |
-- |
129 |
314 |
Manufacture of Machinery, Machine Tools (except Electrical Machinery). |
-- |
-- |
79 |
206 |
Manufacture of Electrical Machinery Appliances and Supplies and Parts. |
-- |
-- |
1 |
3 |
Manufacture of Transport Equipment and Parts. |
-- |
-- |
10 |
37 |
Other Manufacturing Industries |
1 |
2,000 |
181 |
327 |
Repair |
-- |
-- |
718 |
1,519 |
continued..
|
Unregistered factories |
|
1 person |
2-4 persons |
5-9 persons |
10-19 persons |
|
Units |
Persons employed |
Units |
Persons employed |
Units |
Persons employed |
Units |
Persons employed |
|
1,066 |
|
508 |
1,155 |
78 |
497 |
5 |
55 |
|
33 |
13 |
41 |
9 |
63 |
12 |
157 |
|
59 |
163 |
456 |
109 |
700 |
33 |
444 |
-- |
1 |
2 |
1 |
6 |
1 |
10 |
-- |
4 |
9 |
2 |
13 |
-- |
-- |
|
249 |
161 |
397 |
20 |
116 |
2 |
33 |
|
43 |
59 |
156 |
46 |
280 |
3 |
30 |
|
24 |
43 |
124 |
35 |
229 |
1 |
15 |
|
26 |
28 |
68 |
11 |
75 |
2 |
22 |
-- |
2 |
8 |
-- |
-- |
-- | -- |
|
5 |
16 |
45 |
4 |
32 |
3 |
43 |
|
6 |
12 |
30 |
10 |
67 |
3 |
39 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
|
42 |
76 |
193 |
10 |
67 |
1 |
12 |
|
21 |
49 |
133 |
8 |
42 |
1 |
10 |
-- |
1 |
3 |
-- | -- |
-- |
-- | -- |
7 |
18 |
3 |
19 |
-- |
-- | |
106 |
68 |
166 |
5 |
28 |
2 |
27 |
|
817 |
362 |
904 |
30 |
178 |
9 |
120 |
Source.—Census of India, 1971, Part III-B.
The number of registered working factories which stood at 238 at the end of 1961, increased to 253 by 1962 and further to 285 by the end of 1963. The highest number of establishments pertained to tobacco and bidi-making. In 1963, as many as 10,355 workers were employed in 122 bidi factories as against 9,172 working in 110 factories in 1962.
It is remarkable to note that the number of factories showed an increase or decrease from year to year. This could however be attributed to the fact that there was considerable rise or fall in the number of gul factories on account of the demand for sugarcane from sugar factories. The spurt in demand for cane from sugar factories affects the availability of cane for gul factories. The number of bidi factories also fluctuates from year to year.
The number of workers per lakh of population employed in registered factories for the district of Ahmadnagar stood at 1,171 during 1963.
According to the Census of Manufacturing Industries in 1959, the manufacturing industries in the district had a combined fixed capital of Rs. 588.6 lakhs and working capital of Rs. 304.7 lakhs. The total value of annual production was Rs. 1,261 lakhs and the value added by manufacturing was Rs. 267.9 lakhs. These figures relate only to the industries covered by the Census of Manufacturing Industries Act. [ District Census Handbook, Ahmadnagar, 1961.] The statistics for the subsequent years are however not available. The statistics relating to Annual Survey of Industries for 1966 [Socio-Economic Review, Ahmadnagar District, 1970-71, Bureau of Economics and Statistics.] which are furnished in Table No. 1, are revealing as they throw a searching light on the structure of industries in the district.
Table No. 2 gives the statistics of factories and factory employment in Ahmadnagar district in 1961 and 1971.
The 1971 Census records the distribution of manufacturing, processing or servicing establishments in the district. The same is noted in Table No. 3.
The present chapter is divided into three sections, viz., large and small industries, cottage industries and labour organisation. The first section deals with large and small industries registered under the Factories Act. In the second section are described the cottage and village industries in the district. The third section gives an account of the trade union movement and labour organisations in the district.
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