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AGRICULTURE & IRRIGATION
|
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PULSES
Pulses occupy an important position in the agrarian economy of the
district. Next to cereals they are important as food crops. Gram,
tur, mung, and udid are the main pulses cultivated in the
district. The area occupied by pulses is about 12 per cent of the
total gross cropped area of the district.
The following table gives the tahsilwise area under pulses.
TABLE No. 11.
AREA UNDER PULSES IN BHIR DISTRICT (1956-57 TO 1961-62)
|
Tahsil |
Year |
Gram |
Green Gram |
Tur |
Black Gram |
Horse Gram |
Masur |
|
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(7) |
(8) |
|
Bhir |
1956-57 |
4,687.875 (11,575) |
4,689.090 (11,578) |
2,291.490 (5,658) |
1,171.260 (2,892) |
-- |
22.680 (56) |
|
1957-58 |
4,031.370 (9,954) |
6,556.140 (16,188) |
2,306.475 (5,695) |
-- |
-- |
9.720
(24) |
|
1958-59 |
4,987.575 (12,315) |
7,619.265 (18,813) |
2,379.780 (5,876) |
1,379.430 (3,406) |
-- |
9.720
(24) |
|
1959-60 |
5,387.310 (13,302) |
6,363.360 (15,712) |
2,015.685 (4,977) |
933.525 (2,305) |
-- |
14.985 (37) |
|
1960-61 |
4,538.430 (11,206) |
7,056.315 (17,423) |
1,499.715 (3,703) |
554.445 (1,369) |
-- |
-- |
|
1961-62 |
4,742.145 (11,709) |
9,413.010 (23,242) |
3,434.805 (8,481) |
1,710.315 (4,223) |
-- |
4.455
(11) |
|
Georai |
1956-57 |
4,601.205 (11,361) |
5,177.115 (12,783) |
2,960.550 (7,310) |
25.920
(64) |
-- |
3.645
(9) |
|
1957-58 |
4,570.020. (11,284) |
6,310.305 (15,581) |
3,040.335 (7,507) |
-- |
-- |
2.835
(7) |
|
1958-59 |
5,900.040 (14,568) |
6,692.625 (16,525) |
3,270.375 (8,075) |
49.410
(122) |
-- |
8.910
(22) |
|
1959-60 |
5,339.520 (13,184) |
5,810.940 (14,348) |
2,789.235 (6,887) |
131.220 (324) |
-- |
14.175 (35) |
|
1960-61 |
6,724.215 (166,03) |
2,374.515 (5,863) |
1,496.475 (3,695) |
91.125
(225) |
-- |
55.890 (138) |
|
1961-62 |
5,358.960 (13,232) |
9,836.640 (24,288) |
3,122.145 (7,709) |
18.225
(45) |
-- |
23.085 (57) |
|
Ashti |
1956-57 |
5,023.215 (12,403) |
5,864.805 (14,481) |
1,953.720 (4,824) |
311.040 (768) |
-- |
-- |
|
1957-58 |
4,363.470 (10,774) |
8,470.170 (20,914) |
2,058.210 (5,082) |
-- |
-- |
-- |
|
1958-59 |
4,799.250 (11,850) |
6,014.250 (14,850) |
1,801.440 (4,448) |
130.815 (323) |
-- |
-- |
|
1959-60 |
4,442.850 (10,970) |
5,388.120 (13,304) |
1,651.590 (4,078) |
202.095 (499) |
-- |
-- |
|
1960-61 |
5,060.070 (12,494) |
2,888.460 (7,132) |
1,438.155 (3,551) |
151.065 (373) |
-- |
-- |
|
1961-62 |
4,582.575 (11,315) |
11,449.755 (28,271) |
1,216.620 (3,004) |
61.965
(153) |
-- |
-- |
|
Patoda |
1956-57 |
4,478.490 (11,058) |
3,197.475 (7,895) |
1,118.610 (2,762) |
3,402.810 (8,402) |
-- |
164.025 (405) |
|
1957-58 |
4,092.930 (10,106) |
2,793.690 (6,898) |
1,112.130 (2,746) |
-- |
-- |
140.940 (348) |
|
1958-59 |
6,544.800 (16,160) |
3,191.400 (7,880) |
1,555.200 (3,840) |
3,956.850 (9,770) |
-- |
157.950 (390) |
|
1959-60 |
7,676.775 (18,955) |
2,818.800 (6,960) |
967.950 (2,390) |
3,231.900 (7,980) |
-- |
149.850 (370) |
TABLE No. 11—cont.
AREA UNDER PULSES IN BHIR DISTRICT (1956-57 TO 1961-62)
|
Tahsil |
Year |
Gram |
Green Gram |
Tur |
Black Gram |
Horse Gram |
Masur |
|
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(7) |
(8) |
|
Patoda—cont. |
1960-61 |
4,187.700 (10,340) |
2,660.850 (6,570) |
1,012.500 (2,500) |
2,729.700 (6,740) |
-- |
137.700 (340) |
|
1961-62.. |
5,645.700 (13,940) |
2,806.650 (6,930) |
1,154.250 (2,850) |
2,782.350 (6,870) |
-- |
121.500 (300) |
|
Ambejogai |
1956-57.. |
5,620.995 (13,879) |
3,078.405 (7,601) |
7,106.535 (17,547) |
464.130 (1,146) |
-- |
408.645 (1,009) |
|
1957-58 |
5,808.510 (14,342) |
8,854.515 (21,863) |
6,825.465 (16,853) |
-- |
-- |
166.050 (410) |
|
1958-59.. |
5,586.165 (13,793) |
3,094.605 (7,641) |
7,332.120 (18,104) |
2,748.330 (6,786) |
-- |
270.540 (668) |
|
1959-60.. |
5,235.435 (12,927) |
2,930.985 (7,237) |
7,211.430 (17,806) |
2,418.660 (5,972) |
-- |
292.410 (722) |
|
1960-61 |
5,556.195 (13,719) |
3,150.090 (7,778) |
7,658.145 (18,909) |
2,696.085 (6,657) |
-- |
319.950 (790) |
|
1961-62.. |
5,670000 (14,000) |
1,782.000 (4,400) |
7,695.000 (19,000) |
2,146.500 (5,300) |
-- |
206.550 (510) |
|
Kaij |
1956-57.. |
6,251.985 (15,437) |
2,339.685 (5,777) |
2,852.820 (7,044) |
1,254.285 (3,097) |
-- |
102.870 (254) |
|
1957-58.. |
6,608.385 (16,317) |
2,302.425 (5,685) |
2,348.595 (5,799) |
-- |
-- |
131.625 (325) |
|
1958-59 |
6,618.510 (16,342) |
2,319.840 (5,728) |
2,353.050 (5,810) |
1,291.950 (3,190) |
-- |
127.575 (315) |
|
1959-60 |
6,598.665 (16,293) |
2,110.050 (5,210) |
2,342.115 (5,783) |
1,284.660 (3,172) |
-- |
12.550 (31) |
|
1960-61 |
5,833.620 (14,404) |
1,940.355 (4,691) |
2,756.025 (6,805) |
1,273.320 (3,144) |
-- |
69.660 (172) |
|
1961-62 |
5,323.725 (13,145) |
2,152.170 (5,314) |
2,880.360 (7,112) |
1,311.795 (3,239) |
-- |
61.965 (153) |
|
Manjlegaon |
1956-57 |
3,357.450 (8,290) |
3,625.560 (8,952) |
3,262.680 (8,056) |
148.635 (367) |
-- |
74.520 (184) |
|
1957-58 |
3,775.005 (9,321) |
3,101.490 (7,658) |
3,885.975 (9,595) |
-- |
-- |
85.050 (210) |
|
1958-59 |
4,105.890 (10,138) |
3,799.305 (9,381) |
3,801.735 (9,387) |
82.620 (204) |
-- |
264.870 (654) |
|
1959-60 |
4,029.345 (9,949) |
4,105.485 (10,137) |
4,227.795 (10,439) |
86.265 (213) |
-- |
217.485 (537) |
|
1960-61 |
2,831.355 (6,991) |
4,381.290 (10,818) |
3,410.910 (8,422) |
13.365 (33) |
-- |
139.725 (345) |
|
1961-62 |
3,073.140 (7,588) |
6,930.360 (10,112) |
3,890.025 (9,605) |
13.960 (32) |
101.250 (250) |
-- |
Figures in brackets indicate area in acres.
TABLE No. II—cont.
AREA UNDER PULSES IN BHIR DISTRICT (1956-57 TO 1961-62)
[In Hectares]
|
Tahsil |
Year |
Math |
Val |
Chavli |
Watana |
Lakh |
Other Pulses |
Total Pulses |
|
(1) |
(2) |
(9) |
(10) |
(11) |
(12) |
(13) |
(14) |
(15) |
|
Bhir |
1956-57 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
1,126.710 (2,782) |
13,989.105 (34,541) |
|
1957-58 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
5.670 (14) |
23.895 (59) |
1,210.950 (2,990) |
14,144.220 (34,924) |
|
1958-59 |
883.305 (2,181) |
-- |
-- |
6.480 (16) |
26.730 (66) |
1,266.435 (3,127) |
18,558.720 (45,824) |
|
1959-60 |
744.795 (1,839) |
-- |
-- |
5.265 (13) |
31.995 (79) |
886.950 (2,190) |
16,383.870 (40,454) |
|
1960-61 |
605.475 (1,495) |
-- |
-- |
6.885 (17) |
36,450 (90) |
1,297.620 (3,204) |
15,595.335 (38,507) |
|
1961-62 |
624.915 (1,543) |
-- |
-- |
6.885 (17) |
36.450 (90) |
2,926.935 (7,227) |
22,899.915 (56,543) |
|
Georai |
1956-57 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
470.610 (1,162) |
804.735 (1,987) |
14,043.780 (34,676) |
|
1957-58 |
857.790 (2,118) |
-- |
0.405 (1) |
1.620 (4) |
402.975 (995) |
5,522.175 (13,635) |
20,708.460 (51,132) |
|
1958-59 |
34.830 (86) |
-- |
0.405 (1) |
6.480 (16) |
2,561.625 (6,325) |
3,937.815 (9,723) |
22,462.515 (55,463) |
|
1959-60 |
45.360 (112) |
-- |
0.810 (2) |
22.680 (56) |
1,854.900 (4,580) |
3,372.435
(8327) |
19381.275 (47,855} |
|
1960-61 |
87.885 (217) |
-- |
1.215 (3) |
11.340 (28) |
678.375 (1,675) |
-- |
11,521.035 (28,447) |
|
1961-62 |
31.185 (77) |
-- |
0.810 (2) |
22.680 (56) |
545.535 (1,347) |
3,292.650 (8,130) |
22,251.915 (54,943) |
|
Ashti |
1956-57 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
10,745.055 (26,531) |
23,897.835 (59,007) |
|
1957-58 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
1,523.205 (3,761) |
16,415.055 (40,531) |
|
1958-59 |
-- |
-- |
70.470 (174) |
-- |
-- |
9,303.255 (22,971) |
22,119.480 (54,616) |
|
1959-60 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
11,684.655 (28,851) |
|
1960-61 |
677.565 (1,673) |
333.315 (823) |
22.275 (55) |
-- |
-- |
-- |
10,570.905 (26,101) |
|
1961-62 |
492.480 (1,216) |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
17,803.395 (43,959) |
|
Patoda |
1956-57 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
21.060 (52) |
8,395.650 (20,730) |
20,778.120 (51,304) |
|
1957-58. |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
22.275 (55) |
7,513.965 (18,553) |
15,675.930 (38,706) |
|
1958-59 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
21.060 (52) |
8,331.660 (20,572) |
23,758.920 (58,664) |
|
1959-60 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
29.160 (72) |
6,695.460 (16,532) |
21,569.395 (53,259) |
TABLE No. 11—cont.
AREA UNDER PULSES IN BHIR DISTRICT (1956-57 TO 1961-62)
|
Tahsil |
Year |
Math |
Val |
Chavli |
Watana |
Lakh |
Other Pulses |
Total Pulses |
|
(1) |
(2) |
(9) |
(10) |
(11) |
(12) |
(13) |
(14) |
(15) |
|
Patoda-Cont. |
1960-61 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
26.325 (65) |
6,583.275 (16,255) |
173,380.050 (42,810) |
|
1961-62.. |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
16.200 (40) |
6,473.925 (15,985) |
19,000.575 (46,915) |
|
Ambejogai |
1956-57 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
470.205 (1,161) |
78.165 (193) |
17,227.080 (42,536) |
|
1957-58 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
364.095 t(899) |
197.640 (488) |
22,216.275 (54,855) |
|
1958-59.. |
14.175 (35) |
-- |
-- |
36.450 (90) |
205.335 (507). |
-- |
19,287.720 (47,624) |
|
1959-60.. |
15.795 (39) |
-- |
-- |
39.285 (97) |
247.860 (612) |
-- |
18,391.860 (45,412) |
|
1960-61 |
17.820 (44) |
-- |
-- |
38.880 (96) |
250.290 (618) |
-- |
19,687.455 (48,611) |
|
1961-62 |
20.250 (50) |
-- |
-- |
36.450 (90) |
226.800 (560) |
-- |
17,783.550 (43,910) |
|
Kaij |
1956-57 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
139.320 (344) |
9,079.695 (22,419) |
22,020.660 (54,372) |
|
1957-58 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
210.600 (520) |
8,343.000 (20,600) |
19,944.630 (49,246) |
|
1958-59 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
218.700 (540) |
8,646.750 (21,350)' |
21,576.375 (53,275) |
|
1959-60 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
168.075 (415) |
8,620.020 (21,284) |
21,249.135 (52,467) |
|
1960-61 |
291.195 (719) |
-- |
-- |
16.200 (40) |
86.265 (213) |
-- |
12,266.640 (30,288) |
|
1961-62 |
365.310 (902) |
-- |
-- |
18.225 (45) |
84.645 (209) |
-- |
12,198.195 (30,119) |
|
Manjlegaon |
1956-57 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
61.965 (153) |
1,744.740 (4,308) |
4,199.445 (10,369) |
16,474.995 (40,679) |
|
1957-58 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
70.065 (173) |
2,360.745 (5,829) |
5,483.700 (13,540) |
18,762.030 (46,326) |
|
1958-59 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
1,434.105 (3,541) |
380.700 (940) |
13,869.225 (34,245) |
|
1959-60 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
1,576.665 (3,893) |
296.055 (731) |
14,539.095 (35,899) |
|
1960-61 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
69.660 (172) |
1,072.440 (2,648) |
81.000 (200) |
11,999.745 (29,629) |
|
1961-62 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
1,968.705 (4,861) |
-- |
15,976.440 (39,448) |
Figures in brackets indicate area in acres.
Tur
Tur (pigeon pea) is by far the most important pulse crop in Bhir.
It fetches fairly good cash returns to the cultivator and accounts
for about 16 per cent of the total area under pulses.
It is usually sown as a mixed crop in rows at regular intervals in
cotton and groundnut crops. It is sown in June-July and harvested
in January.
Tur is a hardy crop and resists drought remarkably. It grows
luxuriantly in medium moist soils which are thoroughly ploughed
and well-fertilised. Tur crop is highly sensitive to manurial
treatment. It responds quickly to doses of green as well as
chemical fertilisers. The general tillage required by the
principal crop is also given to it. The plants bear pods after
flowering. Harvesting is done by cutting the plants after all the
pods get ripened and threshing them. Threshing is done by beating
the dried bundles of the plants against wooden planks.
The average yield of tur as a mixed crop is about 300 lbs. per
acre. The red as well as white varieties are grown in the
district. The white variety fetches better prices. The improved
strains (T. 84 and C-11) which are recently introduced yield as
much as 1,000 lbs. per acre.
The green pods of tur are used in preparation of vegetables,
whereas the ripe pulse is split and boiled into a curry (varan).
It is also used in rice and some other vegetable preparations. The
stalks are used for making baskets, brooms and for thatching roofs
of hutments. The dried leaves of the plants after being separated
from the grains serve as good chaff.
Gram
Harbara or chana (gram) is a very important pulse crop next, in
order, to tur. It is cultivated all over the district.
Gram is necessarily a rabi crop which can be grown as a second
crop after kharif jowar, mung, groundnut or bajri. Sowing
operations are usually done in October whereas harvesting follows
in January-February. If sown late, there is the risk of the
evaporation of moisture. A heavy two-coultered drill is used for
sowing, the rows being about 0.30 m. (a foot apart). Black soils
and fertile loams are suitable for gram cultivation. The crop
thrives well on irrigation. But where irrigation facilities are
not available, it is grown as a dry crop. The yield of irrigated
crop is much higher than that of the dry one. the former being
about 1.000 lbs. and the latter 200 to 500 lbs. per acre.
Chaffa, an improved variety of gram with yellowish colour, gives a
higher yield. The top shoots of the plants are plucked and used as
a vegetable. Harvesting is done by cutting the ripe plants. They
are stacked for about a week, dried and trampled under the feet of
bullocks to get the seed.
The green pods are eaten either raw or after baking. The dry
grains are eaten after boiling while gram dal is used in various
food preparations, It is also fed to horses. The green gram plants
yield a kind of vinegar (amb) which is collected by spreading a
cloth on the tops at night. Early in the morning it is taken out
and the vinegar is squeezed. It has medicinal qualities.
Green Gram
Mung or mug (green gram) is another pulse which, besides being an
important food crop, has commercial significance. Bhir, Georai and
Ashti tahsils have more area under this crop. The field is
prepared by ploughing and harrowing. After the early monsoon
showers, the field is harrowed again. Sowing is done by a three-coultered
drill in June. The rows are about.30 m. (one foot apart). For an
acre of land about 12 lbs. of seed is required. This kharif crop
is sometimes taken as a mixed crop with jowar or bajri. Inter-culturing
is required to be done once in a fortnight. Frequent weedings are
essential. By September, when the crop is ready for harvesting,
either the ripe pods are picked or the pod bearing plants are cut.
They are stacked at the threshing floor and are threshed by
trampling under the feet of bullocks to obtain the grains.
The yield of mung varies greatly from field to field. The improved
strain of China mung yields higher and the grains are bolder and
lustrous.
Mung is exported from the district to distant markets in the
State. The green pods are eaten raw, whereas the ripe pulse is
eaten boiled, mixed with spices. The mug-dal is used in various
vegetable preparations.
The nitrogenous nodules in the roots of mung plants restore
fertility to the soil. Hence, the crop is sometimes taken as a
rotation crop. Gram (harbara) and wheat crops thrive well after
cultivation of mung.
Udid
Udid (black gram) is a paying pulse crop of Bhir district. The
area under udid crop is concentrated in Patoda, Ambejogai, Bhir
and Kaij tahsils. It is grown mainly as a mixed crop with kharif
jowar and bajri. It thrives well on black and medium black soils,
though it can be cultivated in inferior types of soils. Fairly
distributed light showers are helpful for the healthy growth of
the plants.
It is sown along with jowar in June or the beginning of July and
harvested by the end of September. Harvesting is done either by
picking the ripe pods or by uprooting the plants. The pods are
threshed and the grains are separated. The plants after being
uprooted are dried and trampled under the feet of bullocks and the
grains are separated from the stalks and chaff. The per acre yield
of this mixed crop ranges from 300 lbs. to 1,000 lbs. An improved
variety, the Sindkheda udid, is being introduced. Grains of this variety are larger and mature within 90 days.
Udid are split and used in various preparations and curries.
Udid
flour is used for preparation of papads. People in the rural areas
mix udid flour with jowar flour and prepare bread. The pulse is
valued as a concentrated food for milch buffaloes, cows and
draught bullocks.
Other Pulses
Besides gram, green gram (mug), tur and udid (black gram), the
miscellaneous pulse crops in the district include lakh, masur,
math, val, watana and chavli. Of these the first three,
viz., lakh,
masur and math cover a considerable area in the district. Area
under all these crops in 1960-61 and 1961-62 is given below: —
|
Name
of the crop |
Area in Hectares |
|
1960-61 |
1961.62 |
|
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
|
Lakh |
2,150.145
(5,309) |
2,878.335
(7,107) |
|
Math |
1,679.940
(4,148) |
1,534.140
(3,788) |
|
Masur |
722.925
(1,785) |
518.805
(1,281) |
|
Val |
333.315
(823) |
-- |
|
Watana |
142.965
(353) |
84.240
(208) |
|
Chavli |
23.490
(58) |
0.810
(2) |
Figures in brackets indicate area in acres.
|
