 |
GENERAL
|
 |
CLIMATE
[The section on 'Climate' is contributed by the Meteorological Department of the Government of India,
Poona.]
Seasons
The climate of this district is characterised by a hot summer, well distributed rainfall during the south-west monsoon season and general dryness except in the rainy season. The cold season is from December to February. This is followed by the hot season from March to May. The south-west monsoon season is from June to September October and November constitute the post-monsoon season.
Rainfall.
Records of rainfall in the district arc available for 18 stations for periods ranging from 12 to 94 years. The details of the rainfall at these stations and for the district as a whole are given in tables 1 and 2. The average annual rainfall in the district is 1,420.2 mm. (55.91 inches). The rainfall in the district generally increases from the west towards the east and varies from 1,184.8 mm (46.65 inches) at Warora to 1,826.5 mm. (71.92 inches) at Murumgaon. The rainfall during the south-west monsoon months, June to September, constitutes about 89 per cent of the annual rainfall. July is the rainiest month. The variation in the rainfall from year to year is not large. During the fifty year period 1901 to 1950, the highest annual rainfall amounting to 136 per cent of the normal occurred in 1938. 1920 was the year with the lowest annual rainfall which was only 50 per cent of the normal. In the same 50 year period the annual rainfall was less than 80 per cent of the normal in 9 years, two of which were consecutive. Considering the rainfall at the individual stations it is found that two consecutive years of such low rainfall occurred once each at 7 out of 18 stations and three consecutive years of such low rainfall occurred once at Chimur during the same fifty year period. It will be seen from table 2 that the annual rainfall in the district was between 1,000 and 1,600 mm (39.37 and 62.99 inches) in 36 years out of 50.
On an average there are 63 rainy days (i.e; days with rainfall of 2.5 mm-10 cents or more) in a year in the district. This
number, varies from 59 at Warora and Ghorajheri to 72 at
Murumgaon.
The heaviest rainfall in 24 hours recorded at any station in
the district was 337.3 mm (13.28 inches) at Armori on September 5, 1910.
Temperature.
There are three meteorological observatories in the district, one each at Brahmapuri, Chandrapur and Sironcha. While the records at Chandrapur
extend to a long period of years, Brahmapuri observatory was started only recently and the observatory at Sironcha has about 10 years of data. The data of Chandrapur and Sironcha may be taken as representative of the northern and southern parts of the district, respectively. After October both day and night temperatures decrease progressively till December which is the coldest month. In the northern parts of the district, the mean daily maximum temperature in December is 28.2° C (82.8° F) and the mean daily minimum 11.6° C (52.9° F). The mean daily maximum in the southern half of the district is 29.6° C (85.3° F) and the mean daily minimum 14.6° C (58.3° F). During the cold season, cold spells affect the district in association with the passage of western disturbances across north India. The minimum temperature on such occasions may go down occasionally to about 3° C (37.4° F) in the northern parts of the district and to about 8° C (46.4° F) in the southern parts of the district. Temperatures rise rapidly after February till May which is the hottest month of the year. The mean daily maximum temperature in May is about 43.0° C (109.4° F) and the mean daily minimum is about 28 or 29° C (82.4 or 84.2° F). The heat in summer is intense during the day especially in the northern parts of the district. Occasionally the day temperature rises up to 47° or 48° C (116.6 or 118.4° F). The afternoon heat is sometimes relieved by thundershowers. With the onset of the south-west monsoon in the district by about the middle of June the temperatures decrease appreciably and the weather becomes more pleasant. Early in October when the south-west monsoon withdraws from the district the day temperatures increase a little and a secondary maximum is reached in October. Later both day and night temperatures decrease progressively. The decrease in night temperatures is rapid. The highest maximum temperature recorded at Chandrapur was 48.3° C (118.9° F) on May 16, 1912. It was 46.7° C (116.1° F) at Sironcha on May 27, 1954 and June 8, 1953. The lowest minimum temperature recorded at Chandrapur was 2.8° C (37.0° F) on January 10, 1899 and 7.8° C (46.0° F) at Sironcha on January 3, 1951.
Humidity.
The air is generally dry over the district except during the
south-west monsoon season when the humidity exceeds 70 per cent. The summer months are the driest when the relative humidity in the afternoons is between 20 and 25 per cent.
Cloudiness.
The skies are heavily clouded to overcast during the south-west monsoon season. In the rest of the year skies are lightly clouded or mostly clear.
Winds.
Winds are generally light with some increase in wind force during the latter part of the summer season and in the south-west monsoon season. In the post-monsoon and cold seasons winds blow mostly from directions between north and east. In the first half of the summer season winds gradually change over to direction between east and south and by May winds from directions between south-west and north-west become more common. During the south-west monsoon season the winds are mainly from the south-west or west.
Special weather phenomena.
In association with monsoon depressions which originate in the Bay of Bengal and move westwards the district experiences strong winds and widespread heavy rain. Less frequently storms and depressions from the Bay of Bengal during the post-monsoon months also affect the weather over the district. Thunderstorms occur in all the months, their incidence being the highest during the monsoon season and lowest during the cold season.
Tables 3, 4 and 5 give the temperature and humidity, mean wind speed and special weather phenomena, respectively for. Chandrapur and tables 3 (a), 4 (a) and 5 (a) give similar data for Sironcha,
Rainfall.
TABLE No. 1
NORMALS AND EXTREMES OF RAINFALL
Station |
No. of
years of data |
Jan. |
Feb. |
March |
April |
May |
June |
July |
Aug. |
Sept. |
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(7) |
(8) |
(9) |
(10) |
(11) |
Chandrapur |
50 |
a
b | 7.6
0.6 | 24.9
1.6 | 14. 7 1.2 |
19. 6 1.7 |
31.7
1.3 | 194.6
9.6 | 392.9 17.1 |
308.1 14.5 |
215.4 10.5 |
Warora |
50 |
a
b | 8.6
0.7 | 23.1
1.5 | 15.2
1.2 | 15.2
1.3 | 11.2
1.2 | 185.7
9.6 | 377.9 16.9 |
283.7 13.5 |
187.5 9.5 |
Mul |
50 |
a
b | 10.2
0.7 | 24.6
1.6 | 14.0
1.2 | 16.3
1.7 | 13.7
1.4 | 183.4
9.4 | 398.8 17.9 |
300.5 14.9 |
181.6 10.1 |
Brahmapuri |
50 |
a
b | 14.2
0.9 | 24.1
1.7 | 12.7
1.4 | 17.3
1.6 | 14.0
1.4 | 215.4
9.2 | 498.6 18.3 |
398.5 15.7 |
207.8 10.1 |
Armori |
50 |
a
b | 10.7
0.8 | 23.4
1.6 | 13.2
1.2 | 14.5
1.4 | 12.2
1.5 | 204.0
8.7 | 490.0 18.1 |
406.4 16.1 |
202.9 10.6 |
Sironcha |
50 |
a
b | 9.9
0.7 | 17.0
1.2 | 14.0
1.0 | 24.4
1.5 | 26.4
1.7 | 170.7
8.5 | 377.9 17.0 |
304.5 14.4 |
200.9 10.8 |
Chimur |
50 |
a
b |
10.4
0.7 |
21.6 1.4 |
16.5
1.4 |
14.5
1.4 |
16.3 1.4 |
202.2 9.2 |
414.3 17.0 |
302.8 14.1 |
195.6 10.0 |
Gadhchiroli |
46 |
a
b | 11.7
0.8 | 21.3
1.4 | 14.7
1.2 | 15.0 1.6 |
11.4
1.1 | 231.4
9.2 | 525.3 18.9 |
413.3 16.7 |
218.7 10.7 |
Aheri |
37 |
a
b | 9.4
0.7 | 21.6 1.2 |
18.3
1.4 | 24.6
1.8 | 19.6 1.3 |
199.6 9.0 |
494.0 17.9 |
387.3 16.6 |
218.9 11.4 |
Asola |
45 |
a
b | 10.7
0.8 | 21.3
1.3 | 12.7
1.1 | 13.7
1.4 | 13.5 1.3 |
205.5 9.1 |
483.6 18.0 |
366.0 15.2 |
196.3 10.3 |
Ghorajheri |
45 |
a
b | 10.4
0.5 | 23.1
1.2 | 12.5
1.0 | 12.5
1.2 | 7.9
0.7 | 213.4 9.1 |
456.9 17.4 |
344.2 14.4 |
208.8 9.6 |
Khairee. |
45 |
a
b | 16.0
0.8 | 24.9
1.6 | 11.9
1.1 | 14.7
1.4 | 9.4
0.9 | 200.7 9.0 |
456.9 17.1 |
361.2 15.0 |
199.6 10.0 |
Kunghari |
45 |
a
b | 9.1
0.7 | 18.5 1.1 |
8.9
0.6 | 10.9 0.8 |
9.1
0.8 |
204.7 8.8 |
519.4 18.3 |
381.3 15.3
| 205.5 10.1 |
Dhanora |
30
|
a
b | 11.4
0.6 | 22.9 1.3 |
13.2
1.2 | 9.9
0.8 |
7.9
0.7 |
226.3 9.1 |
630.9 21.1 |
463.0 18.3 |
264.9 13.0 |
Nalesar
| 24 |
a
b |
9.1
0.8 | 30.7 1.8 |
14.2
1.0 | 17.8
1.4 |
8.6 0.8 |
190.7 9.2 |
453.6 18.1 |
339.6 14.1 |
196.1 10.0 |
Garmusi |
24 |
a
b | 8.6
0.6
| 28.7 1.7 |
12.5
1.2 |
14.2
1.3 | 8.1
0.7 |
195.6 9.6 |
435.4 18.5 |
392.7 15.3 |
206.8 10.4 |
Ghat |
25
|
a
b | 8.4
0.6 | 27.9 1.3 |
9.4
0.8 | 8.9
0.8 |
12.2 1.0 |
228.9 9.4 |
476.5 17.2 |
399.5 15.0 |
242.8 11.0 |
Murumgaon
| 12 |
a
b |
7.1
0.5 | 20.3 1.1 |
6.9
0.4 | 24.6
1.4 |
15.7 1.7 |
285.2 9.7 |
569.5 19.2 |
567.9 20.4 |
256.5 13.1 |
Chandrapur
(District). |
--
|
a
b | 10.2
0.7 | 23.3 1.4 |
13.1
1.1 | 16.0
1.4 | 12.8 1.2 |
207.7 9.2 |
472.4 18.0 |
373.4
15.5 | 211.5 10.6 |
TABLE No. 1-contd.
Station |
No. of years of data |
Oct. |
Nov. |
Dec. |
Annual |
Highest annual
rainfall as percent of normal and year** |
Lowest annual
rainfall as percent of normal and year** |
Heaviest
rainfall in
24 hours* |
Amount (mm) |
Date |
(1) |
(2) |
(12) |
(13) |
(14) |
(15) |
(16) |
(17) |
(18) |
(19) |
Chandrapur |
50 |
a |
56.7 |
15.7 |
3.8 |
1,267.4 |
167 |
59 |
254.0 |
1884 July 12 |
b |
2.8 |
1.1 |
0.5 |
62.5 |
(1936) |
(1902) |
|
|
Warora |
50
|
a |
54.1 |
16.8 |
5.8 |
1,184.8 |
154 |
49 |
228.1 |
1913 July 18 |
b |
2.6 |
1.2 |
0.3 |
59.5 |
(1933) |
(1920) |
|
|
Mul |
50
|
a |
60.2 |
15.0 |
3.6 |
1,221.9 |
154 |
49 |
275.1 |
1903 October 5 |
b |
2.9 |
1.1 |
0.4 |
63.3 |
(1949) |
(1920) |
|
|
Brahmapuri |
50 |
a |
51.6 |
11.7 |
6.1 |
1,472.0 |
154 |
49 |
323.6 |
1938 August 31 |
b |
2.5 |
0.8 |
0.5 |
64.1 |
(1938) |
(1904) |
|
|
Armori |
50 |
a |
56.4 |
13.2 |
4.3 |
1,451.2 |
146 |
50 |
337.3 |
1910 September 5 |
b |
2.7 |
0.8 |
0.4 |
63.9 |
(1938) |
(1920) |
|
|
Sironcha |
50
|
a |
62.5 |
17.0 |
5.6 |
1,230.8 |
144 |
48 |
247.4 |
1953 August 14 |
b |
3.5 |
1.1 |
0.4 |
61.8 |
(1938) |
(1939) |
|
|
Chimur |
50
|
a |
52.6 |
13.7 |
7.9 |
1,268.4 |
155 |
56 |
335.5 |
1927 August 9 |
b |
2.8 |
1.0 |
0.5 |
60.9 |
(1936) |
(1918) |
|
|
Gadhchiroli |
46
|
a |
65.8 |
16.3 |
6.9 |
1,551.8 |
162 |
52 |
320.3 |
1908 August 2 |
b |
3.2 |
1.0 |
0.5 |
66.3 |
(1938) |
(1920) |
|
|
Aheri |
37
|
a |
64.0 |
14.7 |
2.3 |
1,474.3 |
160 |
49
|
319.0 |
1953 August 14 |
b |
3.8 |
1.0 |
0.3 |
66.4 |
(1938) |
(1920)
|
|
|
Asola |
45
|
a |
57.7 |
17.5 |
7.1 |
1,405.6 |
151 |
47
|
226.1 |
1911 September 25 |
b |
2.8 |
0.8 |
0.4 |
62.5 |
(1938) |
(1920)
|
|
|
Ghorajheri |
45
|
a |
45.2 |
15.5 |
5.6 |
1,356.0 |
149 |
53
|
292.1 |
1944 August 21 |
b |
2.4 |
0.9 |
0.4 |
58.8 |
(1936) |
(1920)
|
|
|
Khairee |
45
|
a |
61.7 |
18.0 |
6.1 |
1,381.1 |
137 |
46
|
242.6 |
1949 August 13 |
b |
2.5 |
0.9 |
0.5 |
60.8 |
(1949) |
(1920)
|
|
|
Kunghari |
45
|
a |
57.4 |
13.2 |
2.5 |
1,440.5 |
152 |
49
|
287.0 |
1911 September 24 |
b |
2.6 |
0.9 |
0.2 |
60.2 |
(1949) |
(1920)
|
|
|
Dhanora |
30
|
a |
60.7 |
20.1 |
4.8 |
1,736.0 |
137 |
59
|
286.3 |
1951 July 31 |
b |
3.3 |
0.9 |
0.1 |
70.4 |
(1940) |
(1928)
|
|
|
Nalesar
|
24
|
a |
75.4 |
18.3 |
2.8 |
1,356.9 |
152 |
57
|
267.7 |
1949 August 13 |
b |
3.1 |
1.0 |
0.3 |
61.6 |
(1949) |
(1941)
|
|
|
Garmusi |
24
|
a |
66.0 |
15.2 |
3.6 |
1,437.4 |
149 |
57
|
312.2 |
1949 August 13 |
b |
3.0 |
1.0 |
0.2 |
63.5 |
(1936) |
(1941)
|
|
|
Ghat |
25
|
a |
65.3 |
18.5 |
2.5 |
1,500.8 |
128 |
45
|
227.6 |
1911 September 24 |
b |
3.5 |
1.0 |
0.2 |
61.8 |
(1919) |
(1913)
|
|
|
Murumgaon
|
12
|
a |
52.8 |
14.7 |
5.3 |
1,826.5 |
118 |
81
|
330.2 |
1912 August 4 |
b |
3.5 |
1.1 |
0.0 |
72.1 |
(1910) |
(1909)
|
|
|
Chandrapur
(District)
|
-- |
a |
59.2 |
15.8 |
4.8 |
1,420.2 |
136 |
50
|
|
|
b |
3.0 |
1.0 |
0.3 |
63.4 |
(1938) |
(1920)
|
|
|
a) Normal rainfall in mm.
(b) Average number of rainy days (days with rain of 2.5 mm. or more).
*Based on all available data up to 1958.
**Years given in brackets.
TABLE No. 2
FREQUENCY OF ANNUAL RAINFALL IN THE DISTRICT
CLIMATE RAINFALL. (Data 1901-1950)
Range in mm. |
No. of years |
Range in mm. |
No. of years |
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
701-800 |
2 |
1301-1400 |
8 |
801-900 |
2 |
1401-1500 |
9 |
901 - 1000 |
1 |
1501-1600 |
8 |
1001-1100 |
4 |
1601-1700 |
3 |
1101-1200 |
3 |
1701-1800 |
3 |
1201 - 1300 |
4 |
1801-1900 |
1 |
-- |
-- |
1901-2000 |
2 |
TABLE No. 3
NORMALS OF TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY (CHANDRAPUR)
Month |
Mean Daily Maximun
temperature |
Mean Daily Minimun
temperature |
Highest Maximum
ever recorded |
Lowest Minimum
ever recorded |
Relative Humidity* |
0830 |
1730 |
°C |
°C |
°C |
Date |
°C |
|
percent |
percent |
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(7) |
(8) |
(9) |
January |
29.6 |
13.2 |
35.6 |
1900 January |
29 |
2.8 |
1899 January |
10 |
69 |
41 |
February |
32.3 |
15.3 |
39.4 |
1951 February |
26 |
3.9 |
1905 February |
2 |
60 |
33 |
March |
37.1 |
19.5 |
44.4 |
1892 March |
27 |
7.2 |
1896 March |
5 |
43 |
23 |
April |
40.7 |
24.4 |
46.1 |
1942 April |
30 |
11.7 |
1905 April |
1 |
39 |
22 |
May |
43.0 |
27.9 |
48.3 |
1912 May |
16 |
18.9 |
1919 May |
9 |
35 |
21 |
June |
37.6 |
26.6 |
47.2 |
1931 June |
10 |
20.0 |
1919 June |
18 |
61 |
51 |
July |
31.2 |
24.3 |
40.6 |
1897 July |
4 |
17.8 |
1954 July |
31 |
79 |
75 |
August |
30.7 |
24.0 |
37.2 |
1954 August |
3 |
18.3 |
1954 August |
26 |
81 |
74 |
September |
31.6 |
23.6 |
37.2 |
1899 September |
22 |
18.3 |
1904 September |
28 |
81 |
72 |
October |
32.1 |
20.1 |
37.8 |
1899 October |
9 |
11.7 |
1882 October |
27 |
73 |
60 |
November |
29.6 |
15.1 |
36.1 |
1950 November |
9 |
7.2 |
1950 November |
27 |
71 |
52 |
December |
28.2 |
11.6 |
33.9 |
1933 December |
22 |
3.9 |
1883 December |
19 |
74 |
46 |
Annual |
33.6 |
20.5 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
64 |
47 |
*Hours I. S.T.
TABLE No. 3 (a)
NORMALS OF TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY (SIRONCHA)
Month |
Mean Daily Maximun
temperature |
Mean Daily Minimun
temperature |
Highest Maximum
ever recorded |
Lowest Minimum
ever recorded |
Relative Humidity* |
0830 |
1730 |
°C |
°C |
°C |
Date |
°C |
|
percent |
percent |
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(7) |
(8) |
(9) |
January |
30.3 |
15.5 |
33.3 |
1955 January |
31 |
7.8 |
1951 January |
3 |
75 |
39 |
February |
33.9 |
18.1 |
37.8 |
1953 February |
28 |
10.6 |
1957 February |
14 |
65 |
27 |
March |
37.4 |
22.2 |
41.7 |
1959 March |
25 |
13.9 |
1952 March |
4 |
57 |
23 |
April |
39.9 |
26.7 |
44.7 |
1959 April |
30 |
20.8 |
1960 April |
12 |
53 |
25 |
May |
42.1 |
29.3 |
46.7 |
1954 May |
27 |
21.1 |
1955 May |
8 |
51 |
25 |
June |
37.9 |
27.6 |
46.7 |
1953 June |
8 |
22.2 |
1960 June |
22 |
65 |
46 |
July |
31.5 |
24.9 |
38.9 |
1951 July |
5 |
21.1 |
1957 July |
5 |
85 |
72 |
August |
30.7 |
24.5 |
36.1 |
1950 August |
25 |
8.9 |
1954 August |
3 |
87 |
75 |
September |
31.6 |
24.5 |
35.2 |
1957 September |
26 |
21.7 |
1951 September |
18 |
85 |
74 |
October |
32.1 |
22.9 |
36.9 |
1957 October |
12 |
14.4 |
1954 October |
29 |
81 |
63 |
November |
30.4 |
17.3 |
33.9 |
1957 November |
16 |
10.6 |
1950 November |
4 |
77 |
51 |
December |
29.6 |
14.6 |
33.0 |
1960 December |
26 |
9.7 |
1961 December |
29 |
78 |
47 |
Annual |
33.9 |
22.3 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
72 |
47 |
*Hours I. S. T.
TABLE No. 4
MEAN WIND SPEED IN KM/HR. (CHANDRAPUR)
Jan. |
Feb. |
March |
April |
May |
June |
July |
Aug. |
Sept. |
Oct. |
Nov. |
Dec. |
Annual |
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(7) |
(8) |
(9) |
(10) |
(11) |
(12) |
(13) |
2.7 |
3.5 |
4.0 |
4.7 |
6.6 |
8.7 |
8.5 |
7.4 |
5.1 |
2.9 |
2.4 |
2.3 |
4.9 |
TABLE No. 4(a)
MEAN WIND SPEED IN KM/HR. (SIRONCHA)
Jan. |
Feb. |
March |
April |
May |
June |
July |
Aug. |
Sept. |
Oct. |
Nov. |
Dec. |
Annual |
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(7) |
(8) |
(9) |
(10) |
(11) |
(12) |
(13) |
3.7 |
4.5 |
5.5 |
6.3 |
7.1 |
7.1 |
5.7 |
5.6 |
4.5 |
4.0 |
3.2 |
2.6 |
5.0 |
TABLE No. 5
SPECIAL WEATHER PHENOMENA (CHANDRAPUR)
Mean No. of days with |
Jan. |
Feb. |
March |
April |
May |
June |
July |
Aug. |
Sept. |
Oct. |
Nov. |
Dec. |
Annual |
Thunder |
0.2 |
2.7 |
4.0 |
3.3 |
3.8 |
7.8 |
2.6 |
3.5 |
6.2 |
2.3 |
0.9 |
0.2 |
37.5 |
Hail |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
Dust-Storm |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.3 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.3 |
Squall |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
Fog |
0.0 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.2 |
TABLE No. 5 (a)
SPECIAL WEATHER PHENOMENA
(SIRONCHA)
Mean No. of days with |
Jan. |
Feb. |
March |
April |
May |
June |
July |
Aug. |
Sept. |
Oct. |
Nov. |
Dec. |
Annual |
Thunder |
0.2 |
0.5 |
2.4 |
3.2 |
4.0 |
9.4 |
7.3 |
6.2 |
7.2 |
3.7 |
0.4 |
0.0 |
44.5 |
Hail |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
Dust-Storm |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.1 |
0.4 |
0.3 |
0.2 |
0.3 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
1.4 |
Squall |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.1 |
Fog |
0.0 |
0.3 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
0.4 |
|