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INDUSTRIES
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INTRODUCTION
AT THE CLOSE OF THE LAST CENTURY JALGAON DISTRICT like the other districts in the Maharashtra State had no mechanised industries except a few cotton ginning, pressing, spinning and weaving factories. Cottage industries like gul-making, catechu making, grass oil manufacturing, oil pressing, handloom weaving, shoe making, pottery. carpentry, etc.. were dominating irs rural economy. Local artisans carried on the production on a co-operative basis. Raw material was locally available. Investment in the occupation was such as was within the reach of the artisans. There was economy of production and the artisan had sufficient scope for exhibiting his skill, which was appreciated by customers. The picture underwent a radical change at the beginning of the present century. The foreign rule in India had gradually developed means of communication to firmly establish its foothold. This had adversely affected the self-sufficiency of village units. New industries working on motive power were opened. The existence of favourable factors like availability of raw cotton, cheap labour and means of transport in the district gave impetus to the development of both cotton ginning and pressing and spinning and weaving. The industry made great strides during the last forty years except in the period of the Great Depression. The two World Wars also helped its expansion. In 1951. the total employment in the industry was about 13,600. Edible oil industry which was formerly organised on cottage basis also expanded with the rise in area under groundnut crop in the district after the First World War. Thirty seven oil mills were established during the last 30 years. The employment in this industry rose from 2,000 in 1900 to 4,000 in 1951. Similarly, electricity generation and engineering industry were started during the thirties of this century. Recently, factories manufacturing toffees, art silk and a factory reeling sewing thread have been established at Jalgaon and a factory producing fireworks has been shifted to the same place from Punjab. The total employment in all these industries was 4.000 in 1951.
The following tables give the number of persons employed in different industries in 1911. 1921, 1931 and 1951. These tables are extracted from the Census Reports of 1911, 1921. 1931 and 1951. The table extracted from the census of 1951 has been shown separately.
TABLE NO. 1
TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF PERSONS ENGAGED IN DIFFERENT INDUSTRIES IN 1911, 1921 AND 1931 IN JALGAON DISTRICT.
|
Name of the Industry |
1911 |
1921 |
1931 |
|
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
Fishing and pearling |
3 |
1,041 |
1,643 |
Salt and saltpere and other saline substances. |
-- |
-- |
1 |
Cotton ginning, cleaning and pressing |
192 |
6,388 |
2,250 |
Cotton spinning, sizing and weaving |
13,843 |
2,362 |
6,195 |
Jute pressing, spinning and weaving |
13 |
-- |
37 |
Hope, twine, string and other fibres |
156 |
-- |
621 |
Wool carding, spinning and weaving |
2,066 |
401 |
223 |
Silk spinning and weaving |
79 |
28 |
201 |
Hair (Horse-bair) etc. |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Dyeing, bleaching, printing preparation and sponging of textiles. Lace, crepe, embroideries, fringes, etc. and insufficiently described textile industries. |
-- |
-- |
3 |
Hides, skins and hard material from the animal kingdom. |
291 |
722 |
422 |
Sawyers, carpenters, turners and joiners, etc. |
4,583 |
4,350 |
4,182 |
Basket making and other industries of woody materials including leaves and thatchers and builders working with bamboo, reeds or similar materials. |
3,070 |
2,153 |
2,329 |
Blacksmiths, other workers in iron, makers of implements. |
1,536 |
1,622 |
1,589 |
Workers in brass, copper and bell metal |
410 |
385 |
665 |
Manufacture of matches, fire works and other explosives. |
33 |
24 |
57 |
Manufacture and refining of vegetable oils. |
144 |
26 |
1,437 |
Manufacture and refining of mineral oils. |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Manufacture of tobacco |
509 |
29 |
13 |
Boot, shoe, sandal and clog making |
5,199 |
2,023 |
4,141 |
Furniture industries |
-- |
419 |
22 |
Building industries |
3,731 |
3,069 |
2,708 |
Construction of means of transport |
76 |
254 |
15 |
Production and transmission of physical force. |
-- |
1 |
4 |
Miscellaneous and undefined industries |
-- |
3,465 |
5,198 |
Printers, engravers, book binders, etc |
257 |
779 |
155 |
TABLE No. 2
NUMBER OF ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE (i. e. SELF-SUPPORTING) PERSONS ENGAGED IN INDUSTRIES UNDER "PROCESSING AND MANUFACTURE" AND "CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES" IN 1951; DISTRICT JALGAON. |
Classification of Industries |
Total |
Employers |
Employees |
Independent workers | |
Male |
Female |
Male |
Female |
Male |
Female |
Male |
Female | |
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(7) |
(8) |
(9) | |
I.—Food-stuffs, Textiles, Leather and Products thereof |
20,622 |
1,489 |
1,070 |
57 |
8,899 |
590 |
10,653 |
842 | |
1. Food Industries otherwise unclassified |
1,113 |
50 |
139 |
11 |
38 |
-- |
936 |
39 | |
2. Grains and pulses |
906 |
29 |
136 |
4 |
531 |
7 |
239 |
18 | |
3. Vegetable oil and dairy products |
1,779 |
111 |
146 |
-- |
964 |
26 |
669 |
74 | |
4. Sugar industries |
18 |
-- |
1 |
-- |
14 |
-- |
3 |
-- | |
5 Beverages |
113 |
2 |
18 |
1 |
47 |
-- |
48 |
1 | |
6. Tobacco |
523 |
9 |
13 |
-- |
121 |
2 |
389 |
7 | |
7. Cotton textiles |
10,344 |
1,018 |
183 |
18 |
6,781 |
538 |
3,380 |
462 | |
8. Wearing apparel (except footwear) and made up textile goods. |
2,583 |
173 |
212 |
8 |
163 |
2 |
2,203 |
163 | |
9. Textile industries otherwise unclassified |
672 |
48 |
12 |
-- |
105 |
13 |
555 |
35 | |
10. Leather, leather products and footwear |
2,571 |
49 |
210 |
4 |
135 |
2 |
2,226 |
43 |
TABLE No. 2—contd.
NUMBER OF ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE (i. e. SELF-SUPPORTING) PERSONS ENGAGED IN INDUSTRIES UNDER "PROCESSING AND MANUFACTURE" AND "CONSTRICTION AND UTILITIES" IN 1951, DISTRICT JALGAON. |
Classification of Industries |
Total |
Employers |
Employees |
Independent Works | |
Male |
Female |
Male |
Female |
Male |
Female |
Male |
Female | |
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(7) |
(8) |
(9) | |
II.—Metals, Chemicals and Products there of |
4,150 |
81 |
112 |
1 |
2,273 |
20 |
1,763 |
60 | |
1. Manufacture of metal products other wise unclassified. |
1,917 |
56 |
81 |
1 |
331 |
2 |
1,505 |
53 | |
2. Transport equipment |
1,849 |
23 |
11 |
-- |
1,742 |
13 |
96 |
5 | |
3. Electrical machinery, apparatus, appliances and supplies. |
6 |
-- |
2 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
4 |
-- | |
4. Machinery (other than electrical machinery) including engineering work-shops. |
262 |
1 |
4 |
-- |
145 |
-- |
113 |
1 | |
5. Basic industrial chemical fertilizers and power alcohol. |
46 |
-- |
3 |
-- |
12 |
-- |
31 |
-- | |
6. Medical and pharmaceutics' preparations |
18 |
-- |
5 |
-- |
11 |
-- |
2 |
-- | |
7. Manufacture of chemical products otherwise unclassified. |
52 |
1 |
6 |
-- |
32 |
-- |
14 |
1 | |
8. Iron and steel (basic manufacture) |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- | |
9. Non-ferreous metals. |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
TABLE No. 2—contd.
NUMBER OF ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE (i. e. SELF-SUPPORTING) PERSONS ENGAGED IN INDUSTRIES UNDER "PROCESSING AND MANUFACTURE" AND "CONSTRICTION AND UTILITIES" IN 1951, DISTRICT JALGAON.
|
Classification of Industries |
Total |
Employers |
Employers |
Independent Works |
|
Male |
Female |
Male |
Female |
Male |
Female |
Male |
Female |
|
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(7) |
(8) |
(9) |
|
III.—Processing and Manufacture not elsewhere specified
|
8,582 |
436
|
447 |
27 |
547 |
15 |
7,583 |
394 |
|
1. Manufacturing
industries otherwise unclassified |
1,393 |
27 |
119 |
2
|
62 |
1 |
1,214 |
24 |
|
2. Products of petroleum and coal |
8 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
8 |
-- |
|
3. Bricks, tiles
and other structural clay products |
255 |
20 |
14 |
-- |
48 |
5 |
193 |
15 |
|
4. Cement, cement pipes and other cement products |
9 |
-- |
2 |
-- |
4 |
-- |
3 |
-- |
|
5. Non-metallic mineral products |
1,002 |
136 |
56 |
16 |
16 |
3 |
930 |
117 |
|
6. Rubber
products |
2 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
2 |
-- |
|
7. Wood and wood
products other than furniture and tinctures. |
5,468 |
246 |
224 |
8 |
203 |
3 |
5,041 |
235 |
|
8. Furniture and
tinctures manufacture |
175 |
-- |
17 |
-- |
16 |
-- |
142 |
-- |
|
9. Paper and
paper products |
25 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
17 |
-- |
8 |
-- |
|
10. Printing and
allied industries |
243 |
7 |
15 |
1 |
181 |
3 |
47 |
3 |
TABLE No. 2—concld.
NUMBER OF ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE (i. e. SELF-SUPPORTING) PERSONS ENGAGED IN INDUSTRIES UNDER "PROCESSING AND MANUFACTURE" AND "CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES" IN 1951, DISTRICT JALGAON—contd.
|
Classification of Industries |
Total |
Employers |
Employees |
Independent workers | |
Male |
Female |
Male |
Female |
Male |
Female |
Male |
Female |
|
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(7) |
(8) |
(9) |
IV.—Construction and Utilities |
4,115 |
316 |
82 |
2 |
1,864 |
138 |
2,169 |
176 |
1. Construction and maintenance of works otherwise unclassified. |
123 |
-- |
3 |
-- |
4 |
-- |
116 |
-- |
2. Construction and maintenance of buildings |
2,260 |
184 |
77 |
2 |
301 |
23 |
1,882 |
159 |
3. Construction and maintenance of bridges, roads and other transport works. |
901 |
31 |
1 |
-- |
864 |
16 |
36 |
15 |
4. Construction and maintenance operations—irrigation and other agricultural works. |
36 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
31 |
-- |
5 |
-- |
5. Construction and maintenance of telegraph and telephone lines. |
13 |
3 |
-- |
-- |
13 |
3 |
-- |
-- |
6. Works and services, electric power and gas supply |
318 |
-- |
1 |
-- |
286 |
-- |
31 |
-- |
7. Works and services, domestic and industrial water supply. |
82 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
20 |
-- |
62 |
-- |
8. Sanitary works and services including scavengers |
382 |
98 |
-- |
-- |
345 |
96 |
37 |
2 |
The above table reveals that cotton ginning and pressing and cotton spinning and weaving employed the largest number of persons. In 1911, cotton textile industry employed 25 per cent of the total persons dependent on all industries. The percentage in 1921 fell to 17. This reduction in percentage was due to the fact that a large number of employees in this category were wrongly enumerated in the category of labourers and workmen otherwise unspecified at the time of census of 1921. In 1931, the percentage of employment in the industry was 27. The employment in other industries like hides and skins, wood, metals and chemicals was more or less the same during 1911 and 1931. In 1911, the percentage of employment in hides and skins industry to the total number of persons depending on industry was five. In 1931, the percentage was nine, an increase of four per cent only. In wood industry the percentage of employment was 13 in 1911 which rose to 19 in 1921 and again fell to 14 in 1931. In metal industry it was between four and six and in chemical industry between two and three in the two decades.
This chapter attempts to give an idea of the industrial picture of the district. It is divided into three sections. The first deals with mechanised industries [Before the enactment of the Factories Act, 1948, factories employing 20 or more workers and carrying on manufacture with the aid of power were registered under section 2 (i), while factories declared as such by the Provincial Government and employing to or more workers and carrying on manufacture with or without the aid of power were registered under section 5 (i) and (ii), of the Factories Act of 1934.
Under the new Act of 1948, factories employing to workers and carrying on manufacture with the aid of power are registered under section 2 (m) (i), and all factories employing 20 or more workers without the aid of power under section 2 (m) (ii). Wherever possible detailed statistics are given of factories registered under section 2 (i) of the Act of 1934 and section 2 (m) (i)
of 1948.
1. Sugar industries.—Gur manufacture; other manufactures and refining of raw sugar, syrup and granulated or clarified sugar from sugarcane or from sugar beets.
2. Tobacco.—Manufacture of bidis; manufacture of tobacco products (other than bidis) such as cigarettes, cigars, cheroots and snuff. Steaming, redrying and other operations connected with preparing leaf tobacco for manufacturing are also included.
3. Wearing apparel (except footwear and made-up textile goods).—Tailors,
milliners, dress makers and darners; manufactures of hosiery, embroiderers,
makers of crepe, lace and fringes; fur dressers and dyers; hat-makers and
makers of other articles of wear from textiles; manufacture of textiles for
house furnishing; tent-makers; makers of other made-up textile goods, including umbrellas.
4. Textile industries otherwise unclassified.—Jute pressing, baling, spinning and weaving; hemp and flax spinning and weaving; manufacture of rayon; manufacture of rope, twine, string and other related goods from cocoanut, aloes, straw, linseed and hair; all other (including insufficiently described) textile industries, including artificial leather and cloth.
5. Manufacture of metal products, otherwise unclassified.—Blacksmiths and other workers in iron and makers of implements; workers in copper, brass and bell metal; workers in other metals; cutters and surgical and veterinary instrument makers; workers in mints, die sinkers, etc.; makers of arms, guns, etc., including workers in ordnance factories.
6. Manufacturing industries otherwise unclassified.—Manufacture of professional, scientific and controlling instruments (but not including cutlery, surgical or veterinarv instruments); photographic and optical goods; repair and manufacture of watches and clocks; workers in precious stones, precious metals and
makers of jewellery and ornaments; manufacture of musical instruments and
appliances; stationery articles other than paper and paper products; makers of
plastic and celluloid articles other than rayon; sports-goods makers;
toy-makers; other miscellaneous manufacturing industries, including bone, ivory,
horn, shell, etc.
7. Non-metallic mineral
products.—Potters and makers of earthen ware; makers of
porcelain and crockery; glass bangles, glass beads,
glass-necklace, etc., makers of other glass and crystal ware;
makers of other miscellaneous non-metallic mineral products.],
large and small, registered under the Factories Act and contains a
general description of location and
number of lactones, capital investment, labour employed, production, etc. in an industry. Village industries in general are described in the second section of the chapter. The third section deals with the progress of the trade union movement in the district.
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