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AGRICULTURE AND IRRIGATION
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SOILS
Soil formations in Sangli district have been predominantly
influenced by the climate. The district has three distinct climatic zones. The western zone, which receives very heavy rainfall, has lateritic soils on up-ghats and reddish brown soils on hill slopes, the latter being developed on parent material of trap rock. The transition zone of Krishna valley has deep black soils of alluvial origin. The third is the eastern drier zone, which consists largely of granular black soils and poor shallow soils. Saline-alkaline soils are met with in the lowlying patches in the areas of low rainfall.
Typical soil profiles examined in the district are presented in Table Nos. 2 to 7 and the analytical data of the samples collected are given in Table No. 8.
TABLE No. 2.
TYPICAL PROFILE OF SHALLOW SOIL.
Profile No. 1.
Village: Atpadi, Mahal: Atpadi, District: Sangli.
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Relief: Undulating to
moderately hilly. |
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Erosion:
Severely gullied area. |
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Land use: Bajri. |
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Surface
condition:Moderately stoney. |
Slope: 1 to 3 per cent.
Drainage: Moderately well drained. |
Horizon |
Thickness |
Colour |
Texture |
Structure |
Consistency |
Miscellaneous concretions, roots, moisture, etc. |
Sample depth | |
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(7) |
(8) | |
I |
203.2 mm (8") |
Reddish brown |
Sandy clay |
Structureless |
Loose |
Moist, mixed with murum particles. |
203.2 mm (0"—8") |
Below disintegrated soft murum. |
TABLE No. 3.
TYPICAL PROFILE OF SHALLOW SOIL.
Profile No. 2.
Village: Atpadi, Mahal: Atpadi, District: Sangli.
| Relief:
Relatively level to undulating. |
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Erosion: Moderately eroded. |
| Drainage:
Well drained. |
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Land use: Cultivated Land. |
| Slope: 1
to 3 per cent. |
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Surface condition: Stoney. |
| Sub-soil water table: 30 ft. |
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|
|
Horizon |
Thickness |
Colour |
Texture |
Structure |
Consistency |
Miscellaneous concretions, roots, moisture, etc. |
Sample depth | |
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(7) |
(8) | |
I |
254 mm (10") |
Light brown |
Loamy sand |
Structureless |
Loose and friable |
Dry |
254 mm (0"-10") |
Below disintegrated soft murum. |
TABLE No. 4.
TYPICAL PROFILE OF MEDIUM DEEP SOILS.
Profile No. 3.
Village: Vita, Taluka: Khanapur, District: Sangli.
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Drainage: Moderately well drained.
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Erosion: Slightly eroded. |
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Sub-soil water table: 35 ft. |
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Land use: Cultivated land. |
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Slope: 1 to 3 per cent. |
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Surface condition: Moderately stoney. |
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Relief: Relatively level to undulating. |
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|
|
Horizon |
Thickness |
Colour |
Texture |
Structure |
Consistency |
Miscellaneous concretions, roots, moisture, etc. |
Sample depth | |
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(7) |
(8) | |
I |
228.6 mm (9") |
Reddish brown |
Clayey |
Granular |
Friable |
Few lime concretions, moist |
228.6 mm (0"-9") | |
II |
304.8 mm (12") |
Dark reddish brown. |
Sandyclay loam |
Blocky |
Friable |
Few sand and lime particles, moist. |
228.6 mm— 533.4 mm (9"-21"). | |
III |
381mm (15") |
Dark reddish brown. |
Sandyclay loam |
Blocky |
Loose and friable |
Mixed with murum pieces and sand particles. |
533.4 mm— 914.4 mm (21"—36"). |
Below disintegrated murum. |
TABLE No. 5.
TYPICAL PROFILE OF MEDIUM DEEP SOILS.
Profile No. 4.
Village: Tasgaon, Taluka: Tasgaon, District: Sangli.
| Relief:
Undulating. |
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Sub-soil water table: 30 ft. |
| Drainage:
Well drained. |
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Land use: Cultivated land. |
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Slope: 1
to 3 per cent. |
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Surface condition: Moderately stoney. |
|
Horizon |
Thickness |
Colour |
Texture |
Structure |
Consistency |
Miscellaneous concretions, roots, moisture, etc. |
Sample depth | |
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(7) |
(8) |
I |
203.2 mm (8") |
Reddish dark brown |
Clayey |
Granular |
Loose |
Moist, very few concretions, roots present |
0 — 203..2 mm (0"— 8") |
II |
228.6 mm (9") |
Dark brown. |
Clayey |
Blocky |
Slightly compact. |
Few cocretions |
203.2— 431.8mm(8"-17"). |
III |
203.2mm (81/2") |
Dark brown. |
Clayey |
Blocky |
Slightly compact. |
Few sand particles and lime nodules.. |
431.8— 635.mm (17"—251/2"). |
Below disintegrated murum. |
TABLE No. 6.
TYPICAL PROFILE OF DEEP SOIL
Profile No. 5.
Village; Sangliwadi, Taluka: Miraj, District: Sangli.
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Relief: Flat land. |
Land use: Cultivated land. |
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Drainage: Well drained. |
Sub-soil water table: 30 ft. |
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Slope: 0.05 per cent. |
Erosion: Slightly eroded. |
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General remarks: Under kharif jowar
and tobacco. |
Surface condition: Few cracks. |
|
Horizon |
Thickness |
Colour |
Texture |
Structure |
Consistency |
Miscellaneous concretions, roots, moisture, etc. |
Sample depth | |
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(7) |
(8) | |
I |
228.6 mm (9"). |
Very dark brown |
Clayey |
Blocky |
Slightly compact |
Roots present, dry |
0—228.6 mm (0"-9"). | |
II |
177.8 mm (7"). |
Very dark brown |
Clayey |
Blocky |
Compact |
Few sand particles |
228-6—406.4 mm (9"—16"). | |
III |
609.6 mm (24") |
Very dark brown |
Clayey |
Blocky |
Hard and compact |
Few sand particles |
406-4—711.2mm (16"—28")711.2-1016 mm (28"-40") | |
IV |
431.8 mm (17") |
Dark brown |
Clayey loam |
Blocky |
Hard and compact. |
Full of sand particles |
1016—1447.8mm (40"—57") |
Below sand layer. |
TABLE No. 7
TYPICAL PROFILE OF SALINE-ALKALINE SOIL
Profile No. 6.
Village: Jath, Taluka: Jath, District: Sangli.
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Relief: Relatively level to undulating.
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Land use: Cultivated. |
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Drainage: Moderately well drained.
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Erosion: Slightly eroded. |
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Sub-soil water table: 35 ft. |
Surface condition: Full of lime nodules and black |
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Slope: 1 to 3 per cent. |
concretions. |
|
Horizon |
Thickness |
Colour |
Texture |
Structure |
Consistency |
Miscellaneous concretions, roots, moisture, etc. |
Sample depth | |
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(7) |
(8) | |
I |
203.2 mm (8"). |
Dark brown |
Sandy-loam |
Blocky |
Friable |
Profused lime nodules throughout profile visible. |
0—203.2 mm (0"—8"). | |
II |
330.2 mm (13"). |
Gray brown |
Loam |
Blocky |
Dry and hard |
-- |
203.2—533.4 mm (8"—21"). | |
III |
254 mm (10"). |
Yellowish brown |
Clayey |
Blocky |
Friable |
-- |
533.4—787.4 mm (21"—31"). | |
IV |
431.8 mm (17"). |
Yellowish brown |
Sandy clay loam |
Blocky |
Friable |
-- |
787.4—1219.2mm (31"—48"). |
Same layer continued below. |
TABLE No. 8.
ANALYTICAL DATA OF THE SOILS OF SANGLI DISTRICT.
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Profile No. |
Depth of the soil sample |
Mechanical Analysis on air dry basis |
PH |
Calcium carbonate % |
Organic matter % |
Moisture % |
Coarse sand % |
Fine sand % |
Silt % |
Clay %
|
|
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(7) |
(8) |
(9) |
(10) |
1 |
0"—8" |
3.4 |
0.67 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
17.00 |
36.50 |
8.70 |
2 |
0"—10" |
9.3 |
0.78 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
18.00 |
8.00 |
8.55 |
3 |
0"—9" |
9.5 |
0.91 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
5.25 |
46.75 |
8.63 |
9"—21" |
3.8 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
9.75 |
32.25 |
8.69 |
21"—36" |
6.3 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
3.75 |
28.50 |
8.69 |
4 |
0"—8" |
3.7 |
1.01 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
11.25 |
57.75 |
8.31 |
8"—17" |
3.3 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
13.75 |
63.25 |
8.16 |
17"—251/2" |
3.9 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
7.25 |
63.75 |
8.11 |
5 |
0"—9" |
3.9 |
0.84 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
14.00 |
57.25 |
7.73 |
9"—16" |
3.0 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
12.50 |
57.25 |
7.83 |
16"—28" |
3.0 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
9.50 |
56.25 |
8.11 |
28"—40" |
3.0 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
16.25 |
51.75 |
8.11 |
40"—57" |
3.3 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
19.25 |
32.00 |
8.11 |
6 |
0"—8" |
9.0 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
16.25 |
14.00 |
9.11 |
8"—21" |
8.2 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
29.00 |
25.50 |
9.18 |
21"—31" |
8.6 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
28.00 |
41.50 |
9.08 |
31"—48" |
7.4 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
36.25 |
28.00 |
8.69 |
TABLE No.8—contd.
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Profile No. |
Depth of the soil sample |
Total soluble salts % |
Exchangeable bases |
Total |
Avalable |
Total Nitrogen per cent |
|
Ex Ca me % |
Ex Mg. me % |
Ex Na/K me % |
P2 o 5 mgm % |
Av. K2O mgm % |
|
(1) |
(2) |
(11) |
(12) |
(13) |
(14) |
(15) |
(16) |
(17) |
(18) |
|
1 |
0"—8" |
0.25 |
46.00 |
3.00 |
2.50 |
51.50 |
14.28 |
-- |
0.034 |
|
2 |
0"—10" |
0.24 |
22.50 |
3.00 |
2.00 |
27.50 |
3.33 |
-- |
0.046 |
|
3 |
0"—9" |
0.25 |
47.50 |
3.50 |
2.00 |
53.00 |
16.00 |
Trace |
0.056 |
9"—21" |
0.28 |
46.00 |
3.50 |
2.50 |
52.00 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
21"—36" |
0.26 |
42.00 |
4.00 |
2.50 |
48.50 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
|
4 |
0" g" |
0.42 |
69.00 |
12.00 |
3.00 |
84.00 |
9.96 |
Trace |
0.062 |
8"—17" |
0.42 |
75.50 |
11.50 |
3.00 |
90.00 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
17"—251/2" |
0.45 |
67.00 |
12.00 |
2.50 |
81.50 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
|
5 |
0"—9" |
0.30 |
37.50 |
13.50 |
4.00 |
55.00 |
13.50 |
Trace |
0.041 |
9"—16" |
0.24 |
35.00 |
13.00 |
5.00 |
53.00 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
16"—28" |
0.25 |
32.50 |
14.00 |
6.00 |
52.50 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
28"—40" |
0.30 |
27.50 |
15.00 |
7.00 |
49.50 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
40"—57" |
0.40 |
21.00 |
14.50 |
6.50 |
42.00 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
|
6 |
0"—8" |
0.26 |
44.50 |
2.50 |
7.00 |
54.00 |
Trace |
Trace |
-- |
8"—21" |
0.42 |
39.50 |
6.00 |
9.50 |
55.00 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
21"_31" |
0.65 |
40.50 |
10.50 |
13.50 |
64.50 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
31"—48" |
0.84 |
39.00 |
11.00 |
12.00 |
62.00 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Laterite Soil.
Laterite soils occur on up-ghats in the extreme western portion of the district in Shirala Peta, which receives very high rainfall. These soils are slightly acidic and usually leach total soluble salts and calcium carbonate. Their total exchangeable capacity is low. The soils are poor in fertility and are mainly suitable for rice and hill millets.
Reddish-brown soil.
These soils are found on hill slopes and in undulating area in
the heavy rainfall region of the district. These soils which are
residual and developed from the parent material of trap rock, are usually structureless, reddish brown in colour and sandy loam in texture. Soil reaction is neutral with low contents of total soluble salts and calcium carbonate. Due to adverse topographical conditions, these soils have limited depth and are poor in fertility.
Deep-black soil.
Deep black soils of Krishna valley occur particularly in the
areas having assured rainfall. These soils have good physical
condition, very dark brown colour, clayey texture and granular to crumb structure. Soils are moderately alkaline (PH 7.73 to 8.11) and are moderate in contents of total soluble salts (0.24 to 0.40%) and calcium carbonate (3 to 3.9%). Total exchangeable capacity of these soils is moderately high (42 to 55 m.e. per cent). Soils are fair in nitrogen (0.041%) and very poor in phosphate and potash contents.
Medium-deep soil.
These soils occur in the areas of the district where the rainfall
is low. They have reddish brown colour, clayey texture and
granular to blocky structure. Soil reaction is moderately high (towards alkaline) (PH 8.11 to 8.69). Total soluble salts (0.25 to 0.45%) and calcium carbonate (3.3 to 6.5%) contents are moderate. Total exchangeable capacity of these soils shows wide variations (48.50 to 90 m.e. per cent). High exchangeable capacity (profile No. 4) indicates high inherent fertility of these soils. Nitrogen contents in these soils are fairly high (0.056 to 0.062%) but contents of available phosphate (9.96 to 16 mgm.%) and available potash (traces) are poor.
Shallow soil
Shallow soils occur in the eastern taluka of Jath. These are
light brown to reddish brown in colour, loamy sands to sandy
clay in texture and are usually structureless. Soil reaction of them is high (PH 8.55 to 8.70) but contents of total soluble salts (0.21 to 0.45%) and calcium carbonate (3.4 to 9.3%) are moderate. Soils show wide variations in total exchangeable capacity (27.50 to 51.50 m.e. per cent), have moderate nitrogen contents (0.034 to 0.046%) but are poor in available phosphate (3.33 to 14.28 mgm. per cent) and potash (traces).
Saline-alkaline soil.
Deep soils from the low rainfall areas, unless properly managed,
develop saline-alkaline conditions. A soil profile examined at
Jath showed dark brown colour, sandy loam texture and blocky
structure. Soil reaction is strongly alkaline (PH 8.69 to 9.18). Total soluble salts (0.26 to 0.84%) are high, and they show an increase in the lower layers of the soils. Soils are moderate in calcium carbonate (7.4 to 9%). Total exchangeable capacity is 54 to 64.50 m.e. per cent and is dominating sodium. Sodium saturation is very high indicating thereby the deteriorated conditions of these soils. Soils are poor in plant nutrients unless reclamation measures are adopted. Normal yields of crops are not obtained.
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